Which line provides independent assurance that the governance framework is operating effectively?

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In this model, the line responsible for independent assurance about how well the governance framework operates is the Second Line of Defense. This group, typically made up of risk management and compliance functions, sits outside day-to-day operations but is tasked with designing, monitoring, and challenging the framework. Their oversight role means they regularly assess whether policies, controls, risk appetites, and escalation processes are being followed and are effective. Because they are not the process owners, they can provide an objective view on whether the governance structure is functioning as intended and report their findings to senior management and the board. While the Third Line (internal audit) also offers assurance, the question emphasizes the Second Line’s oversight and assurance activities in relation to the governance framework's operation.